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SWOT analysis and the challenge of the Nile Basin Initiative Integrated Water Resources management perspective

1. Introduction

It is common ground that river Nile is one of the world's longest rivers flowing border a distance of over 6,700 km from its source far at the head of the Kagera Basin in Rwanda and Burundi to the Mediterranean Sea in Egypt. Its catchment area covers approximately 10% of the African continent and the river is shared by ten riparian countries, including Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Kenya, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda.

The basin contains a range extraordinarily rich and varied ecosystems, with mountains, rainforests, forests, savannas, wetlands, high and low, arid and desert (World Bank, 2008). As West Nile waters do not stop at the administrative or political boundaries, the basin of the river has been of great importance in terms of human settlements, the development of a rich diversity of culture, civilization and development for centuries. Starting today, the Nile is a key resource for economic development of the Nile Basin States and a vital source of livelihood for 160 million and 300 million people living in the ten riparian countries (Ibid). It is estimated that in the next 25 years, the population of the Nile basin will be 600 million dollars.

However, for decades, the Nile Basin people have faced many challenges and complex environmental, social, economic and political factors that have hindered the proper management and sustainability of West Nile waters. These problems include, among others, disputes and conflicts over control and use of Nile water, extreme poverty, food insecurity, drought, floods, environmental degradation, exacerbated by high population growth, insufficient health services, unreliable electricity and water shortages, lack of cooperation in the shared resources of the Nile Basin (World Bank 2008: 1-2, World Bank, 2003a: 5). Nature transboundary river also has an extra challenge.

Consequently, the Nile riparian states jointly acknowledged that the best way to use protect and manage the Nile Basin in an integrated and sustainable was through close international cooperation among all countries within the natural unit, geographical and hydrological characteristics of the river through which all interests of the countries upstream and downstream are considered. However, this cooperative management Nile Basin is one of the greatest challenges of the global international waters agenda (World Bank, 2003a, 2004a). However, it is an important catalyst for greater regional integration, economic, political, knowledge integration with benefits far greater than those obtained by the river itself.

2. Strategy for the management of the Nile, with reference to the initiative of the Nile Basin

The recognition of the cooperative management Nile by Nile Basin States has given birth to the initiative of the Nile Basin, which reflects various aspects of integrated water resources management. The Nile Initiative Basin (NBI) is one of the last historical international cooperative program of watershed management and regional collaboration in all states Nile Basin, except Eritrea unite to pursue long-term sustainable development, improving land use practices and management of water resources Nile for the benefit of all without discrimination (World Bank, 2008:2).

The history of the initiative of the Nile Basin back in 1992 when the Council of Ministers of Water Affairs of the Nile Basin States recognized the need for regional cooperation and regional integration for growth, preservation of environmentally sustainable and equitable development of all Nile Basin (Guvele, 2003). In this political environment, the Technical Cooperation Committee for the Promotion Development and Environmental Protection of the Nile Basin (TECCONILE) was formed which later created the Nile River basin, the Action Plan in 1995 (NRBAP) (Ibid). In this Plan of Action, the need for the Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework was at center stage and, fortunately, this partially materialized in 1999 when the "transition" initiative of the Nile Basin (NBI) was launched (Ibid).

2.1 State Planning and implementation

Recognizing their common concerns and interests, the NBI is packed with a participatory process of dialogue between the states of the Nile Basin to fashion a vision Sharing to achieve sustainable socioeconomic development through the equitable utilization of, and benefit from common water resources of the Nile Basin "(Bank World 2008: 2). The policy guidance that accompanies the agreement provides a joint vision shared basin-wide cooperation in water resources management framework and also defines the main objectives of NBI. Among these objectives;

1) To develop the water resources of the Nile Basin in a sustainable way fair and equitable

2) To ensure prosperity, security and peace for all peoples;

3) To ensure efficient water management and use optimal use of resources;

April) To ensure cooperation and joint action among riparian countries, seeking win-win gains;

5) To target poverty eradication and promote economic integration and

6) To ensure that the program results in a transition planning action.

In order to implement and achieve the objectives NBI and the translation of the agreement to share the vision into action and promoting development cooperation of the operation in the Nile riparian governments developed a Strategic Action Program consists of two sub-programs complementary include a shared vision of the program (SVP) and Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs) (World Bank, 2008:2-3; 2003rd :5-8). Starting today, the initiative of the Nile Basin, with its Strategic Action Programme represents a deep commitment by the Nile riparian countries to promote cooperation, regional integration and sustainable development of the Nile is made by the Council of Water Ministers of the Member States (Nile-COM) and a Technical Advisory Committee (Nile-TAC), comprising technical representatives of Member States.

However, Basin Strategic Nile Initiatives' Programme of Action is a more fundamental turning point and reference point towards integration of water resources management of the river Nile In general, the Strategic Action Program is trying to create a knowledge base and essential tools for integrated water resources management regional, economic, sectoral and territorial integration of knowledge.

3. Strategic Analysis of the Watershed Action initiative Nile Program

As already mentioned, the Strategic Action Program consists of two components that include the subsidiary action programs (PEA) with two branches called the Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP) and the others called the Nile Equatorial Lakes Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP). The second component of the Strategic Program of Action is the shared vision Programs (SVP) and is funded by the World Bank (WB), African Development Bank (ADB) Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Nile Basin Trust Fund (NBTF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) (World Bank, 2003a, 2004a; 2008).

The analysis begins with a shared vision programs are the core of the NBI. It includes seven thematic projects as discussed below.

1) The Cross Border Project Environmental Action Nile

This project came into existence after the Nile basin countries carried out a participatory process Watershed Nile Transboundary Environmental Analysis which identified several environmental problems related to water resources (World Bank, 2003b). Environmental concerns identified included, deforestation has caused the loss of biologically important habitats, high rates of soil erosion leading to sedimentation rivers, lakes and reservoirs, localized water pollution from agriculture, industry, mining and domestic sewage, the proliferation of weeds water, particularly water hyacinth, and wetlands reclamation (Ibid: 15). However, some of these problems such as deforestation and erosion are just symptoms of the major underlying causes such as bad government development policies, the program will never identified.

Poverty and growth population was also mentioned to cause additional pressures on natural resources and this has been compounded by lack of knowledge of land-water interactions and functioning of critical ecosystems. However, this draft did not reflect how the consumption patterns of high population are leading to environmental problems and how poverty actually causes pressure on natural resources quantitatively. It should be noted that poverty per se, has nothing to do with environmental problems but is of underlying mechanisms that cause poverty to have a major threat to the environment. The project also ignores the issues of climate change is attracting a serious threat to Africa.

However, Transboundary Environmental Action Project with management unit located in Khartoum, Sudan was put into practice in 2004. Starting today, the various stakeholders involved in the project and are well supported by the project. The project provides training to develop skills in government ministries, NGOs and local communities of each country in areas such as management and environmental monitoring, monitoring of water quality and conservation Wetlands (World Bank, 2003b, 2008). He is also working to raise awareness on critical environmental issues by strengthening networks of specialists environmental education, curriculum development campaigns for primary, secondary and college awareness and support the environment through nature clubs, schools, youth groups, scout groups, universities, churches and mosques (Ibid).

The project also promotes the exchange of information on issues affecting the environment among all stakeholders in the countries of the Nile, including the development of a decision support system based on reliable and consistent the environment of each country to enable better environmental planning throughout the region and management (World Bank, 2003b, 2008). The project also Local funds NGOs and communities to promote community-based approaches to land and water conservation to reduce soil erosion, desertification and pollution and controlling invasive waterweeds.

The activities of this project, a part reflect an effort to space, landscape and territorial integration of them all to protect and manage the environment and the delicate ecosystem of the Nile Basin Moreover, through these activities, the Nile Basin governments, NGOs, researchers, educators and private sector representatives can acquire integrated knowledge to help them work together on their own countries and internationally. This is essential to foster mutual understanding, strong relationships and collaborative partnerships are essential to regional cooperation, sustainable development, environmental conservation and greater regional integration.

2) Water Resources Planning and Management Project

This project is working to address water management problems of fragmentation within each State Nile basin, low human and institutional capacity to manage the waters of the Nile in an integrated manner, the uneven distribution of water professionals in the basin, and as the inadequate interaction between water professionals in the countries of the Nile Basin (World Bank, 2004b: 2). The stakeholders involved in this project are the bodies governmental organizations concerning the water sector, civil society, NGOs, academic networks, professionals in the field, and the private sector. To address these problems, the project is to support basin-wide dialogue on best practice in the formulation of water policy and implementation.

For achieve sectoral integration in the management of resources in the Nile Basin States, the project is the development of skills in each country for the formulation and implementation successive effective national policies and strategies of integrated water resources management (IWRM) and planning and management of various countries projects. The project has also come to the Nile Basin Decision Support System (DSS) NBI countries may share data about river hydrology to better understand the behavior of river systems to assess the development of alternatives such as management systems (World Bank, 2004b :5-6). This will facilitate integration knowledge is important to make more informed decisions for sustainable development planning and management of water resources in the basin. However, this project is aimed at creating a common technical basis instead of a common knowledge base local socio-cultural and environmental or both, to facilitate integrated planning water resources and watershed management broad perspective. In this regard, the project's approach represents a piecemeal approach and typical top-down management integrated water resources that do not create a level playing field for sustainable integrated management of river.

3) Socio-economic Development and Benefit Sharing Project

To address the complexity and variability of the hydrology of river basin as well as differences in economies of countries in the Nile Basin, economic social development and distribution of project benefits (SDB) points to an integrated approach to water resources management, environmental conservation and regional development (World Bank, 2004a: 2). This is a fundamental basis for integrated natural resource management because the project focuses on the integration of knowledge and economic integration for the sustainable management of the basin. In this regard, the project is currently building a multidisciplinary network of professionals (actors) economic planning, research institutions, technical experts from private and public sectors, academics and representatives from groups civic and nongovernmental organizations throughout the watershed (Ibid). The creation of multidisciplinary networks is a vital tool for solving complex environmental problems, because it provides broader platform for exchanging views and solutions to a disciplinary network that provides no platform for the exchange of knowledge that leads to reduce points of view and solutions or no solutions.

Under this project, multidisciplinary network of professionals are required to conduct an investigation jointly explore alternative scenarios of development of the Nile, to identify patterns of distribution of benefits, promote information sharing and exchange, and to increase public awareness of the importance of water as a shared resource and precious. However, the project is only the creation of capacity to explore new alternative development scenarios regardless of how much development projects of age in the Nile riparian countries could be more friendly environment. Again, as with other projects, the issue of local participation remains low in this project and the criteria for selection of professionals to form a multidisciplinary network and benefit sharing is not well defined.

4) Confidence and participation project of stakeholders (CBSI).

This project was created to address the issues of disputes, conflicts, political tensions and lack of cooperation managing the resources of the Nile Basin (World Bank, 2003c). The CBSI project aims at building confidence, trust, partnerships between everyone has a stake in how water resources are developed in your country, allocated and managed (Ibid). This is a major mechanism for dialogue construction, planning and development and this may provide a reference point for the hierarchical integration of local, national, regional and international which is vital for the sustainable management of West Nile waters. The project is promoting broad-based participation of stakeholders including dialogue, analysis collective action and follow up for feedback and learning (Ibid).

However, the extent to which stakeholders should participate in the project, their roles and interests are not well defined. The project also has a public information component. The contest is designed to increase public awareness, providing accurate, timely and understandable information on the NBI and its programs to people throughout the basin to understand language and formats through a variety of channels culturally appropriate (World Bank, 2003c). Such disclosure of information creates a clear picture of the benefits of regional cooperation and integration among the people of West Nile Basin. As the construction of terms building confidence, trust and cooperation between countries, the project has several programs to promote exchanges among parliamentarians, journalists, academics, local leaders, including women leaders, schoolchildren and students university. The project also has activities that focus on networks and forums aimed at discussing issues of poverty reduction and development among others (Ibid) This is an important component of the integration of knowledge where several people are facilitated to share their views and experiences with others and this creates a sense of belonging projects conducted by the NBI

5. The Nile Basin Regional Power Trade Project

This project is the first effort of all the watershed to develop a regional power trading architecture for the Nile through the active participation of all basin countries. The project responds to electricity unreliable in the basin which has hampered economic growth and caused major environmental degradation. The project has reached the Nile Basin Power forum national energy experts to exchange ideas on how to develop power plants and ways of how to expand power trade in the basin Nile (World Bank, 2005a). This reflects an integration of new techniques in the West Nile Basin.

The creation of a regional electricity market is intended to play a key role in promoting cooperation among basin states, the supply of sustainable energy and environment to ensure that hydropower resources of the Nile Basin are developed and integrated management and sustainable (World Bank, 2005a). In a long term, this project will create benefits throughout scope in terms of water conservation, land protection, and reduced emission of greenhouse gases. However, this draft does not consider other sources of cheap energy such as solar, wind, biogas and methane from wetlands that could be used by people who can not afford electricity. Where such potential energy is recognized, it would create an important aspect of integrated production of energy.

6) Project Applied Training (ATP)

This project is working to build the capacity to promote integrated water resource management in the basin Nile (World Bank, 2003d). This is done under various components. The first component refers to the decision makers and professionals in the management of water resources in the basin countries in the aspects of water management policy at national level (Ibid). The second component is in providing postgraduate scholarships to applicants from countries in the Nile basin in order to have a master and doctorate in water resources management. The competition is designed to build on each country a group of specialists in water management can reduce the barriers for sectoral integration in the management of natural resources. As part of efforts to promote interaction and integration of knowledge among water professionals in the NBI countries, the third component of the project concerns the implementation Nile Network, a network of training institutions that can engage in collaborative research, joint problem solving and staff exchanges (Ibid). This project will in the long term the introduction of common basin-wide guidelines and standards for Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles. However, the desire for integrated management of water resources in the Nile basin is very skewed scientific approach where people are trained in different methods scientists, without a single dose of what the local practices and systems of water resource management can offer.

7) efficient use of water for Agriculture Project

Due to the importance of agriculture in the Nile basin, this project is intended to provide a solid conceptual and practical basis to increase the availability and efficient use of water for agricultural production. The project is the creation a framework that will enable stakeholders from the Nile countries to work together to promote cooperation throughout the watershed and knowledge, increase understanding and promote capacity in irrigation and water harvesting issues common (World Bank, 2005b). This is expected to achieve through the basin-wide consultations, workshops and seminars that are created networks together key players who work together on water harvesting, community managed irrigation and public institutions and private-managed irrigation (Ibid). This reflects an aspect of the integration of knowledge in which each views of stakeholders are recognized as important for efficient water use for agriculture.

In parallel programs with shared vision, two subsidiaries of the Programme of Action (NELSAP and ENSAP) was created. As with the Shared Vision Program, strengthening institutional and capacity building is an important aspect of the hierarchy, sectoral and integration of knowledge has also been provided to both institutions development, and entered NELSAP CU. Under the SAPs, great achievements have been realized. For example, in the Eastern Nile, flood preparedness and sub-regional Early Warning project, irrigation development in Ethiopia and Egypt, and a power interconnection project between Ethiopia and neighboring countries have realized (World Bank, 2008). In the equatorial region of Lagos, Rusumo Falls Hydroelectric and Multipurpose Project has been built, and the creation of the Agriculture Project and Trade (Ibid). These structural adjustment programs provide a solid foundation for the countries of the Nile Basin to participate in specific activities for sustainable development long-term, integrated management of water resources, conservation of natural resources, economic growth and regional integration.

3.1 NBI Challenges

a) The World Bank involvement

Despite remarkable progress achieved by NBI, it is feared that the initiative has little hope of achieving its objectives in large part because the World-Bank's participation and funding. It is known that the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF) have played a unique role in the impoverishment of the African continent (Foulds, 2002). It has been observed that because of policies World Bank, half of its projects have been successful and the failure rate is even higher in the poorest countries (ibid.). Therefore, taking into account the fact that six of the world's ten poorest countries are among the Nile basin, the World Bank, Nile Basin Initiative "inter-marriage" presents a hypothesis doubtful of achieving objectives of the initiative.

b) Treaty of the Nile Basin Water, 1929

While the NBI is to bring together all states Nile Basin to cooperate in sustainable development management of the Nile, the Nile Basin Treaty of 1929 still has a lot of water. It is unclear if the NBI is made in good faith or as an excuse to appease the international community, especially donors. Note that the water sharing treaty 79-year-old has countries maintained the Nile Basin in a more vigorous conflict's most precious resource in the region (Tvedt, 2004). Regulates the use of Nile water among the 10 countries that share the Nile River basin, but giving too much power to the Egyptians. In this sensitive political climate, any country of the Nile basin, you want to use the water Nile, must ask permission to Egypt. For example, the treaty requires Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda, which are the source of the Nile to seek permission from Cairo, 6000 km away, before drawing water from Lake Victoria to cultivate their fields dry, however, NBI advocates for all the Nile Basin States to be equal partners. This means that the NBI is seriously "hidden" conflict with the Treaty of 1929 Nile Basin and if this issue was not handled diplomatically, the Nile water wars abound to occur in the future.

c) Lack of adequate staff to carry out important activities

ambitious objective of the NBI to establish regional cooperation and mutually beneficial relations between all countries of the Nile Basin is limited by the small number of staff. The staff in the NBI can not respond to the increasing and new demands placed on the institution as strategic planning, resource mobilization or respond to management issues Basin, such as climate change (World Bank, 2008). In addition to this, the NBI has no capacity to manage regional database and analyze information water resources (Ibid). However, its supposed to under the Institutional Strengthening Project (NBI-ISP), NBI is equipped with an institutional infrastructure stronger and the skills needed to deliver its current work program more effectively (Ibid).

d) Policies and procedures conflict

The Subsidiary Action Program aims to create the Eastern Nile Technical Regional Office (entered) and the Nile Equatorial Lakes in Ethiopia Subsidiary Action Program Coordination Unit (NELSAP-CU) in Rwanda has led to the appearance of conflicts of procedure and politics, among other programs and NBI institutions (World Bank, 2008). This is because these programs have evolved independent of each other resulting in different set of policies and procedures and this was due to political differences between Rwanda and Ethiopia. This situation is believed to threaten the integrity of future operation of the NBI. However, it is believed that the Project Institutional Strengthening institutional integration will improve throughout the basin through a harmonization of the NBI policies and procedures throughout the basin (Ibid). In other cases, the Institutional Strengthening Project is mandated to strengthen and harmonize the systems and administrative functions in all NBI institutions.

e) Lack of coordination and linkage with other regional institutions

The establishment of the NBI, other regional institutions have evolved as Lake Victoria Basin Commission (LVBC) but coordination with these institutions NBI is not clearly established. However, it is expected that the Institutional Strengthening Project will strengthen the National Focal Point Offices Nile and the NBI regional links with other institutions and stakeholders.

f) NBI unrecognized River Basin Organization

Already in the above, the NBI is only an institution of "transition" binding together the Nile Basin countries to advance a Cooperation Framework Agreement (CFA) that would lead to a permanent river basin organization (RBO). However, negotiations on the draft CFA are well advanced but not yet concluded (World Bank, 2008).

4. Analysis SWOT Initiative The Nile Basin

This section adapts a SWOT analysis technique to summarize the Nitty Gritty of Basin Initiative Nile The evaluation criterion is based on the conceptual framework of integrated water resources management. The perspective we have adopted is that of sustainable water development Nile for the benefit of all.

Strengths:

1. NBI focuses on several countries, multi-sectoral program of activities collaboration, exchange of experiences, and the confidence and capacity building aimed at building a solid foundation for regional cooperation and sustainable management West Nile water.
2. NBI is intrinsically oriented towards achieving the Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development.
3. NBI is development of knowledge-based tools and essential for integrated water resources management through capacity building in each of the countries Nile Basin
4. It has led to the development of system decision support information exchange
5. NBI aims to promote confidence, trust, partnership among all those with an interest in how water resources are developed in your country, allocated and managed and participation of stakeholders
6. The project is promoting the participation of stakeholders, including broad-based dialogue, collective analysis, action and monitoring for feedback and learning.
7. NBI has created a strong stakeholder involvement and ownership of projects among all countries members through the creation of units of the proposed location management in each country
8. NBI has a strategy for addressing Environmental and Social Safeguards through an Environmental Management Plan.
   1. NBI has the support of donor institutions like the giant World Bank, GEF, GTZ, Asian Development Bank and CIDA for the implementation of its projects.

10. Has monitoring framework of its projects through annual and consolidated reports interim quarterly financial.

11. NBI promotes regional cooperation important for increasing a number of direct benefits to coastal states including electricity production, conservation and environmental

Spilled water protection.

1. The NBI has launched governance institutional structures and processes to provide ongoing mechanisms for constructive dialogue, planning and development among coastal residents focused on exchange of water and the benefits of water

Weakness:

1) Lack of institutional depth, as the thin staffing is insufficient to meet the increasing and new demands placed on the institution in the field of strategic planning resource mobilization, or respond to issues of watershed management.

2) The capacity to develop regional databases and analyze information water resources

3) There is a lack of coordination and linkages with some stakeholders NBI as the Lake Victoria Basin Commission - LVBC.

4) Planning NBI projects did not incorporate local knowledge of indigenous peoples in the states of West Nile Basin.

5) Despite the fact that the NBI is trying to develop and generate hydroelectric power along the Nile for the benefit of all people, the initiative is not part and partial World Commission on Dams (WCD), which provides general guidelines for the construction of dams on the international transboundary rivers.

6) Theoretically NBI is a bottom-up but in practice is heavily top down.

7) River NBI is the most complex and ambitious project Basin and this can never lead to misinterpretations and wrong analysis of the entire project.

Opportunities:

1). The World Bank's ongoing support to NBI projects present "hope" for

achieving the objectives of NBI in the future. Further more, financially and in-kind contribution of members help to maintain the functions of the NBI.

1. Establishment of Building Project Institutional (NBI-ISP) is hoping to provide solutions to the challenges faced by the NBI. For example, enable the NBI to conduct an institutional design processes to prepare the Nile Basin Institution for new challenges in the absence or presence of CFA.
2. The conclusion of a Cooperation Framework Agreement (CFA) will help to create a permanent river basin organization (RBO).
3. More involvement of NGOs and civil society involved the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the NBI project implementation
4. Since the Nile riparian countries are part of the African Union, the NBI project has the opportunity to benefit of the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) which aims to provide an overview and a policy framework to accelerate economic cooperation and integration among African countries.

Threats:

1. long-term challenge for operational integration across the basin, due to different sets of policies and procedures among NBI institutions such as CU-entered and NELSAP.

2. Nile Basin Water Treaty of 1929, which limits the effective use Nile

Waters

3 History of tensions and instability in the region, both between states and internal

states. So when a country refuses to cooperate, can have consequences significant on the objectives of NBI.

1. The population growth combined with poverty creates a strain on resources of the Nile
2. NBI Countries differ in the development stages, with six of the 10 poorest nations of the world and this threatens the path of the initiative towards the achievement of its objectives.
3. The World Bank Policy NBI is uncertain future projects because of poor historical record in achieving its objectives in countries where their funds.

10. Corruption and aid money disappearing into private pockets can ruin all the plans

11. Climate change and water stress may require governments to act individually trying to make the most of your people.

5. Conclusions and Recommendations

In this study, we conclude that the Nile Basin initiative represents the most comprehensive and complex management plan has been tried for the sustainable development of transboundary rivers international. The NBI seeks to address all potential problems that occur in humans and the environment and interface development in the Nile Basin through a multi-disciplinary socio-cultural, economic environment, political and geographical, which is an important attribute of sustainable development and the Millennium Development Goals. In the same note, also concluded that the various projects being implemented by the NBI, reflects a joint commitment and obligation " of states of the Nile Basin to put into action the recommendations of Agenda 21 and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation.

It also concluded that NBI is a regional historical sum collaboration in this new millennium in terms of transboundary river basin management. This joint venture between the states Nile Basin has created an interface of "regional-development environmental think-tank", which is a vital mechanism to pave way for greater management integrated water resources that could result in mutual benefits for all without discrimination or favourism. This was done through the territory, regional, economy and integration of knowledge.

1. However, the NBI is not immune to the challenges, weaknesses and threats as they can delete account in the SWOT analysis. At this juncture, it is generally recommended that the NBI should capitalize on its strengths and opportunities for the challenges it faces. However, more specifically, we suggest the following recommendations:

The NBI should cooperate actively with the African Union, in general, and the New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) in order to get some support and recognition vibrant. It should be noted that the objectives of NEPAD and conquer the NBI. For example, objectives of the NEPAD There are three types include the promotion of accelerated growth and sustainable development, eradicate widespread and severe poverty and halt the marginalization of Africa in the process of globalization. These objectives are translated very well with the shared vision of the NBI, and the collaboration between the two initiatives could have a platform dynamics to promote sustainable development in Africa in general, states of the Nile Basin in particular

Having realized the deficiency local traditional knowledge to the overall design of the NBI, it is recommended that the initiative should consider the issue of incorporation of knowledge Indians, who represent long-standing traditions and practices of the Nile should be noted that the Nile basin has a complex cultural diversity could be useful for the integrated management of water resources in combination with a scientific approach that is blinded by the NBI.

To achieve the mutual benefit of the Nile resources water, it is recommended that the NBI, in conjunction with the international community should focus on serious amendment to the treaty of 1929 Nile water colonial possessing great challenge for achieving the objectives of the initiative.

As one of the NBI projects is to build power plants, it is feared that this project could have devastating effects on the environment and local societies. Therefore, we recommend that the NBI must be harmonized within the World Commission on Dams to be able to take proper guidelines for the construction of dams along the Nile This will be vital in protecting those affected by the dam and the environment, and ensure that the benefits of dams are more equitably distributed.

Due to the fact that population pressure is one of the main driving forces of degradation environmental Nile Basin, it is recommended that NBI should have a separate project focus on the control population within the basin states.

To increase sense of belonging, the level of participation and ownership of NBI projects, it is recommended that "handouts" in terms of donations from institutions core funding should be limited. Therefore, the countries of the Nile Basin should try to increase the ability to call their own funds to the NBI. This money might have among other things, reduce public expenditure, cut corruption.

Given the complexity of the project, it is recommended that the NBI should appear with a strong multidisciplinary team of monitoring and evaluation to track all the projects implemented. This team should be well equipped with the techniques ranging from modern information systems (GIS) among others. It is also recommended that the NBI should lead to participatory planning of the use of land in communities located near the river put much consideration in the land capability and suitability.

NBI should also carry out an analysis of livelihoods especially in communities along the Nile, in order to get projects eradicate poverty, which are socially acceptable and economically applicable feasible and affordable. These will improve the welfare of most people at home and this will act as an incentive for sustainable use of watershed resources West Nile.

Instead of building capacity in a few scientific knowledge over the Nile water resources management, we also recommend that the basis of local knowledge and management skills it must also be updated to have a solid base for integrated water resources management.

Since the NBI promote efficient use of Nile water through proper irrigation methods, we recommend that the NBI should take caution on the issue salinazation that may arise leading to soil degradation and poor agricultural yields accordingly. In additional, NBI should educate communities on how using fewer agricultural inputs, especially nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers that can cause water pollution (eutrophication).

6. References:

Foulds, K. (2002): The Initiative The Nile Basin: Challenges for Implementation. Paper presented

in the management of shared water-Conference 23 to 28 June 2002, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

Guvele, A., C., (2003): The initiative of the Nile Basin and its implications for the Post Conflict South

Sudan. Online: http://cafnr.missouri.edu/iap/sudan/doc/nile-basin.pdf . (Accessed 30 11.2008).

Tvedt, T. (2004). The river Nile at the age of the British. Political ecology and the search

Economic Powe r. London: IB Tauris, pp. 480.

World Bank (2003a): Initiative of the Nile Basin Shared Program Vision (SVP) Project-Africa

Region-document evaluation. World Bank Infoshop, vol. 1, Report No. 26 222, pp. 170.

World Bank (2003b): Basin Initiative of the Nile - Nile Transboundary Environmental Action

Project-Project Appraisal Document, and the World Bank InfoShop, Vol 1, Report No. 24 609, pp. 215

World Bank (2003c): Confidence and stakeholders: the Nile basin

Initiative (SVP) of the project, the African Region "Project Information Document. InfoShop World Bank, vol. 1 Report No. 26 276, pp 4.

World Bank (2003d): Initiative of the Nile Basin Applied Training Project-Information Project

Document. Infoshop of the World Bank, vol. 1, Report No. 26 578, p. 10

World Bank (2004a): Initiative Nile Basin for Socioeconomic Development and Benefit Sharing

Share draft-African Region Information draft paper, World Bank Infoshop, vol. 1, Report Number, 30 531. 10 pp

World Bank (2004b): Basin Initiative Nile - Shared Vision Program - Water Resources

Planning and Management Project Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet. World Bank Infoshop, vol. 1, Report No. 26 866, PP13.

World Bank (2005a): Basin Initiative Nile - Shared Vision Program-commercial regional energy

assessment projects draft documents. World Bank Infoshop. Vol 1, Report No.

34 083, pp. 108

World Bank (2005b): Initiative of the Nile Basin - Shared Vision Program - Efficient Water Use for

Production Farm-Africa Region Project-Project Appraisal Document. World Bank InfoShop, vol. 1, Report No. 34 084, p. 100

World Bank (2008): Basin Initiative Institutional Strengthening Project Nile Project "

Information Paper. World Bank InfoShop, Report No. AB3787, 99 pp.

About the Author

1. Alebel Abebe Belay, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium.
Email- abelay@vub.ac.be
2. Henry Musoke Semakula, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Email- msemakul@vub.ac.be
3. George James Wambura, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Email- elianshiwanga@yahoo.com
4. Jan Labohy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium
Email- jlabohy@vub.ac.be

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concrete pools, tubs and aquariums are artificial water gardens that add beauty and elegance to a place.

You should treat your water garden or aquarium as a balance to keep the water clear. The fund must be filled with clay-rich to provide sufficient plant food.

Add sad, gravel and rocks on top to prevent water from presenting a muddy appearance caused by motion fish and other aquatic animals.

You have to put all the water garden a few beds of flowers, wooden or concrete benches carved ad garden ornaments to cast reflections on the water surface.

Some plants suitable for garden water  

Following are floating, submerged or semi-aquatic plants may be grown in the garden of water.

1) Water lily hybrids

2) Lotus, elumbo Nelumbium

3) Umbrella plant

4) Water hyacinth

5) Pickerel weed

6) Quiapo

7) striped corn plant

Corn plant

9) San Jose Baston

10) Fragrant dracaena

11) San Francisco

12) Aglaonema

13) Varieties of Papua

14) The varieties of Dieffenbachia

15) Coleus, Mayana

16) Philodendron

17) the yellow water plant

18) Wandering Jew

____________________

Cris Ramasasa freelance writer, writes about home gardening and internet marketing tips. You may obtain a copy of his latest e-book "Getting Started in Flower Gardening" and "Vegetable Gardening Made Easy", also receives a lot of tips, freebies and bonds: www.crisramasasa.com

 

 

About the Author

Cris Ramasasa is a retired Horticulture teacher for 29 years and Freelance writer. Writes home gardening tips and resources. Written ebooks titled: How To Get Started In Flower Gardening and Vegetable Gardening Made Easy.

Soon to put up his website; www. how-to-get-started-in flower-gardening.com

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